Gasoline engine water
Drunvalo
Gasoline engine running on hydrogen obtained from water
U.S. President George W. Bush called on Americans as soon as possible to move their cars to hydrogen fuel and allocated to the relevant studies over a billion dollars.
In Canada, a suburb of Toronto, a small company "Rothman Technologies Limited." Actually developed not one but two effective ways of decomposition of ordinary water into oxygen and hydrogen. And none of them does not require billions of dollars of expenditure. This is a very simple solution. Engines of our ordinary cars can run at the proposed system, after only a few of their alteration, and does not require additional infrastructure such as the current gas stations.
To understand how to operate such a system of water fuel, should know that ordinary water is itself a "battery" containing vast amounts of energy. A water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, and hydrogen is an excellent fuel.
So the energy in the water molecule much, and much more amount of energy required for its cleavage. This point is extremely important, because many people - even scientists - are aware of this principle is not clear. And if we can find an economical way of splitting water molecules, with energy problems would be eliminated.
Getting gaseous hydrogen
In the first chemical process, demonstrated by the company "Rothman Technologies Limited." Using water, salt, and very inexpensive metal alloy. The output is obtained pure hydrogen - the fuel for combustion which does not require access of oxygen and which absolutely does not pollute the environment.
Owner of the company "Rothman Technologies Limited." Is about fifty pending patent applications on various technical devices, chemical compounds, technical improvements and fuel switching. But we are now primarily interested in his invention of metal alloys used in the process of decomposition of water.
In February 2003, I visited a company listed as a representative of our magazine, to personally make sure of what I have already told several people. This company operates a prototype operating normally at the 12-strong petrol-electric engine that uses water as fuel. Externally, the generator is a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), which is used on our cars.
The developers have acknowledged that shown by our unit has a pilot plant and needs some improvements. Nevertheless, they really showed us the internal combustion engine that runs on water (click on image to view larger size).
The engine was installed on the bench in the garage whose door was open for ventilation. On the floor stood a thirteen containers with a capacity of half-gallon (about two liters. - Comm. Trans.) Each connected by a tube, all of which converge to a large central chimney, in turn connected to a carburetor engine.
In the containers was ordinary water with a certain amount of electrolyte (eg salt).
When this liquid mixture is loaded into a piece of metal alloy, immediately began surprisingly rapid evolution of hydrogen, which is then fed into the collector pipe and her carburetor engines (see note).
A company representative pulled a rope starter, a couple of attempts the engine wound up and then continued to work steadily. We saw his work about twenty minutes (in Toronto it was winter and the garage door was open, so it was very cold and we decided that twenty minutes is enough "proof of concept"). This engine, which uses as fuel, water and salt, and as a catalyst alloy metal, really worked!
According to the company, used alloy so cheap that the engine can run four o'clock on only one piece of this alloy, valued at approximately poltsenta (Canadian)!
It should be noted also that, in the words of our interlocutor, the direct fuel may be sea water, and then will not need salt.
I was there with Michael Ballin, the TV channel Rolling Arts (Los Angeles), which promotes antique, racing cars and Hot Rod and sees them as works of art.
Another astonishing breakthrough
Company "Rothman Technologies Limited." And the other has a way to convert water into fuel for engines. This method is called "electrolysis." Water at the same time transformed into Brown's gas, which is also an excellent fuel for gasoline engines. (Brown's Gas is a mixture of monatomic and diatomic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. Usually obtained by electrolysis of water. It has not been studied properties. - Comm. Trans.) Except for one difference, this method is similar to the one that last year we were in our electronic shop.
Why Brown's gas as a fuel better than pure hydrogen? Here's our opinion on the matter.
At present, the environment is facing serious problems, and one of them - is the loss of atmospheric oxygen. Its content in the air becomes so low that in some regions, it poses a threat to the very existence of man. The normal oxygen content in the air - 21 percent, but in some regions, it is several times lower! For example, in Japan in Tokyo, it fell to 6-7 per cent. If the content of oxygen in the air to reach 5 percent, people start dying. In Tokyo on street corners even set the selling points of the oxygen bags that, if necessary, a person could breathe oxygen. If we do not take action, then, ultimately, decrease the oxygen content in air will affect each of us.
The resulting electrolytic method, Brown's gas can be delivered in an atmosphere of oxygen, while other technologies either have no effect on the atmosphere (as when using pure hydrogen or fuel tanks), or contaminate it (like the use of fossil fuels). Therefore, we believe that it is this technology in the near future should be chosen to provide fuel for vehicles.
Comparison of technologies
Before we talk about how the company Rothman Technologies Limited. "Obtain Brown's gas from water, let's compare the three technologies for hydrogen fuel: (a) the fuel tank, (b) chistovodorodnaya and (c) Brown's gas. Consider these technologies in terms of production or consumption of oxygen.
The fuel tank. Oxygen is taken from the air for combustion of hydrogen in the tank. From the exhaust pipes come out oxygen and water vapor. However, the oxygen was originally taken from the air, not fuel, so that the application of this method does not reduce but not increase its content in the atmosphere.
Chistovodorodnaya. Hydrogen as fuel self-sufficient, does not require atmospheric oxygen for combustion, in the sense of preservation of the atmospheric oxygen is an advantage compared to using fossil fuels. Actually, with proper combustion of hydrogen in the exhaust is nothing left. If, however, to create the hydrogen needed salt and metal alloy, the exhaust will attend their residues. But hydrogen does not add oxygen to the atmosphere.
Brown's Gas. This is the perfect fuel for our vehicles. It turns out he was out of the water (ie hydrogen and oxygen), as well as pure hydrogen, but burned in engines, so that, depending on the regulation, can give oxygen to the atmosphere. On the exhaust get oxygen and water vapor (as in the case of fuel tanks), but the oxygen is taken from the water used to produce gas. Therefore, the combustion of Brown gas in the atmosphere acts supplementary oxygen.
Thus, the use of Brown gas is helping resolve a very dangerous problem for us to reduce the oxygen in the environment.
From this perspective, Brown's gas is the ideal fuel for future cars.
New technology of Brown gas
The main problem most of the known systems with the use of Brown gas is that, although they are efficient, but does not produce enough hydrogen to operate a piston engine in normal driving conditions. Policy changes proposed by "Rothman Technologies Limited." Relate to the special technology of electrolysis.
In traditional methods of electrolysis, the corresponding block simply immersed in water and gives a certain amount of Brown gas.
The company is "Rothman Technologies Limited." Uses the block, which increases the yield of gas ten times compared with conventional electrolysis. In this method, Brown's gas is mixed with water, obtained milky-white mixture is then fed to the separator, again separating the water and gas. The gas is directed into the engine, and the water goes back to the electrolyzer for reuse.
This invention, in which the company has declared a U.S. patent, is perhaps the most important discovery ever made in the field of electrolysis technology. Tenfold compared with conventional gas discharge Brown ensures the normal operation of modern internal combustion engines on water. This method of electrolysis, is, apparently, the technology of the future.
Attention inventors
Now you understand that the work of ICE in the water is real, and it's not a crazy fantasy. You are familiar with "proof of concept" and saw the installation of your eyes.
Me, my friends, is to wish you success in the global effort to save themselves from themselves as themselves. And who would, in the end, neither has established an industrial version of the ICE in the water, he once and for all solve the energy problem and will go down in history as a hero.
Perhaps it will you.
Note: for demonstration prototype did not work on the sodium chloride, and the other salt. But in practice, the cheapest you can use our normal salt. In any case, the type of electrolyte is not so important "proof of concept" that the internal combustion engine can run on water.
Monday, October 19, 2009
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Revolution ! Free gasoline! Do petrol itself!
Free gasoline! Do petrol itself!
The resultant reinforcements this description liquid - Methanol (methyl alcohol).
Methanol in its pure form is used as a solvent and as a high-octane additive to motor fuel, but the similarities seem very high-octane (octane number is 150) gasoline. This is the same gasoline, which refill racing motorcycles and cars. As the overseas studies, the engine that runs on methanol, is in quite a few times longer than with conventional gasoline, its thickness is increased by 20% (at constant operating capacity of the engine). Exhaust of an engine running on this fuel, environmentally clean and checking it on the toxicity of harmful substances almost absent.
Small-sized device for the sake of this fuel is simple to manufacture, does not require special knowledge and scarce parts, bezotkazen work. Its performance depends on a variety of reasons, including as to their dimensions. The device, scheme to build a description of which suggest to your attention, with D = 75mm alienates trimmed to three liters of fuel per hour, has the authority around 20 kg and dimensions of almost: 20 cm in height, 50 cm in length and 30 cm in width.
Note: Methanol is a strong poison. It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point 65oS owns smell like the smell of regular drinking of alcohol, also mixes in all respects with the water and many organic liquids. Remember that 30 milliliters of methanol fatal drunk!
The principle of operation and work apparatus
Tap water is connected to "the entrance of water" (15) and passing further divided into steam flow: a flow through the tap (14) and hole (C) enters into a mixer (1), and another thread through the tap (4) also hole (F) moves in the cooling system (3), passing through some water to cool the synthesis gas and condensate, gasoline goes through the hole (S).
Residential natural gas pipeline connects to the "Gas Log" (16). Then the gas enters the mixer (1) through the hole (B), which, mingled with the vapor of water, heated on the burner (12) up to a temperature of 100 - 120oS. Then, from the mixer (1) through the hole (D) heated mishmash of gas and two water enters through the hole (B) in the reactor (2). Reactor (2) filled with catalyst number 1, consisting of 25% nickel and 75% aluminum (in the form of chips or beans, industrial grade hyalite-16). The reactor is derived synthesis gas by raising the temperature resistance of 500oS as above, obtained by heating the burner (13). Then a hot synthesis gas enters through the hole (E) in the refrigerator (W), in which place he had to cool down to a temperature 30-40oC or below. Then the cooled synthesis gas through the hole (I) comes out of the refrigerator and through the hole (M) enters the compressor (5), for which you can use the compressor from any domestic refrigerator. Then the compressed synthesis gas with a pressure of 5-50 through the hole (H) comes from the compressor and through the hole (O) enters the reactor (6). Reactor (6) filled with catalyst number 2, consisting of chips and 80% copper 20% zinc (the composition of the firm «ICI», brand in Russia, SUI-1). In this reactor, which is the first node apparatus, formed by pairs of synthetic gasoline. The temperature in the reactor should not exceed 270oS that is allowed to check the thermometer (7) and adjust the tap (4). It is desirable to maintain the temperature within the 200-250oS, as permitted below. Then, two petrol and not reacted synthesis gas through a hole (R) leaving the reactor (6) and through the hole (A) enter into a refrigerator (B), where in two petrol and condense through the hole (to) go from the refrigerator. Then the condensate is also not reacted synthesis gas entering through the hole (D) in the condenser (8), where in the finished gasoline is stored, which leaves the condenser through the hole (P) and tap (9) in any capacity.
Hole (T) in the condenser (8) provides for installation of a manometer (10), which is necessary for control of pressure in the condenser. It is maintained within 5-10 atmospheres or more in the main with a help tap (11) also partially tap (9). Hole (X) and tap (11) are required for exit from the condenser not reacted synthesis gas, which is on recycling back into the mixer (1) through the hole (A). Tap (9) regulate the way, so that non-stop leaving neat liquid fuel without gas. It would be better if the level of gasoline in the condenser will be multiplied, than decrease. But the best adventure, in which time the level of gasoline will be constant (which is allowed to control the route built of glass or any other way). Tap (14) regulate the way, that was not in gasoline / water / well in the mixer was defined by two more less than more.
The launch
Provide access gas, water (14) has closed, the burner (12), (13) work. Tap (4) is fully open, the compressor (5) is on tap (9) is closed, the tap (11) is fully open.
Then reveal the tap (14) access of water, but tap (11) regulate the desired pressure in the condenser, controlling its pressure gauge (10). But in any case does not close the tap (11) completely! Then, five minutes later, a valve (14) bring the temperature in the reactor (6) up to 200-250oS. Then slightly reveal tap (9), from which jet fuel should go. If it will move without stopping - priotkroyte tap more, if it will move gasoline into the mixture with the gas - priotkroyte tap (14). General, the impressive performance of the apparatus set up, the better. The essence of water in gasoline (methanol), you can check with a help spirtometra. The density of methanol is equal to 793 kg/m3.
This apparatus is preferably made of stainless steel or iron. All parts are made of pipes, as a thin connecting tubes allowed to use copper tubing. In the refrigerator to keep the ratio of X: Y = 4, namely, for example, if X + Y = 300 mm, then X must exist is 240 mm, but Y, respectively, 60 mm. 240/60 = 4. The more coils fit in the fridge with that as with other parties, the better. All valves used on gas-welding torches. Instead, tap (9) and (11) is allowed to use the pressure-reducing valve on the domestic gas cylinders or capillary tubes from domestic refrigerators. Mixer (1) and reactor (2) are heated in a horizontal arrangement (see drawing).
Well, perhaps, as all. In conclusion I would like to add that the system for a family making avtotopliva was published in an issue of the journal "Parity".
The resultant reinforcements this description liquid - Methanol (methyl alcohol).
Methanol in its pure form is used as a solvent and as a high-octane additive to motor fuel, but the similarities seem very high-octane (octane number is 150) gasoline. This is the same gasoline, which refill racing motorcycles and cars. As the overseas studies, the engine that runs on methanol, is in quite a few times longer than with conventional gasoline, its thickness is increased by 20% (at constant operating capacity of the engine). Exhaust of an engine running on this fuel, environmentally clean and checking it on the toxicity of harmful substances almost absent.
Small-sized device for the sake of this fuel is simple to manufacture, does not require special knowledge and scarce parts, bezotkazen work. Its performance depends on a variety of reasons, including as to their dimensions. The device, scheme to build a description of which suggest to your attention, with D = 75mm alienates trimmed to three liters of fuel per hour, has the authority around 20 kg and dimensions of almost: 20 cm in height, 50 cm in length and 30 cm in width.
Note: Methanol is a strong poison. It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point 65oS owns smell like the smell of regular drinking of alcohol, also mixes in all respects with the water and many organic liquids. Remember that 30 milliliters of methanol fatal drunk!
The principle of operation and work apparatus
Tap water is connected to "the entrance of water" (15) and passing further divided into steam flow: a flow through the tap (14) and hole (C) enters into a mixer (1), and another thread through the tap (4) also hole (F) moves in the cooling system (3), passing through some water to cool the synthesis gas and condensate, gasoline goes through the hole (S).
Residential natural gas pipeline connects to the "Gas Log" (16). Then the gas enters the mixer (1) through the hole (B), which, mingled with the vapor of water, heated on the burner (12) up to a temperature of 100 - 120oS. Then, from the mixer (1) through the hole (D) heated mishmash of gas and two water enters through the hole (B) in the reactor (2). Reactor (2) filled with catalyst number 1, consisting of 25% nickel and 75% aluminum (in the form of chips or beans, industrial grade hyalite-16). The reactor is derived synthesis gas by raising the temperature resistance of 500oS as above, obtained by heating the burner (13). Then a hot synthesis gas enters through the hole (E) in the refrigerator (W), in which place he had to cool down to a temperature 30-40oC or below. Then the cooled synthesis gas through the hole (I) comes out of the refrigerator and through the hole (M) enters the compressor (5), for which you can use the compressor from any domestic refrigerator. Then the compressed synthesis gas with a pressure of 5-50 through the hole (H) comes from the compressor and through the hole (O) enters the reactor (6). Reactor (6) filled with catalyst number 2, consisting of chips and 80% copper 20% zinc (the composition of the firm «ICI», brand in Russia, SUI-1). In this reactor, which is the first node apparatus, formed by pairs of synthetic gasoline. The temperature in the reactor should not exceed 270oS that is allowed to check the thermometer (7) and adjust the tap (4). It is desirable to maintain the temperature within the 200-250oS, as permitted below. Then, two petrol and not reacted synthesis gas through a hole (R) leaving the reactor (6) and through the hole (A) enter into a refrigerator (B), where in two petrol and condense through the hole (to) go from the refrigerator. Then the condensate is also not reacted synthesis gas entering through the hole (D) in the condenser (8), where in the finished gasoline is stored, which leaves the condenser through the hole (P) and tap (9) in any capacity.
Hole (T) in the condenser (8) provides for installation of a manometer (10), which is necessary for control of pressure in the condenser. It is maintained within 5-10 atmospheres or more in the main with a help tap (11) also partially tap (9). Hole (X) and tap (11) are required for exit from the condenser not reacted synthesis gas, which is on recycling back into the mixer (1) through the hole (A). Tap (9) regulate the way, so that non-stop leaving neat liquid fuel without gas. It would be better if the level of gasoline in the condenser will be multiplied, than decrease. But the best adventure, in which time the level of gasoline will be constant (which is allowed to control the route built of glass or any other way). Tap (14) regulate the way, that was not in gasoline / water / well in the mixer was defined by two more less than more.
The launch
Provide access gas, water (14) has closed, the burner (12), (13) work. Tap (4) is fully open, the compressor (5) is on tap (9) is closed, the tap (11) is fully open.
Then reveal the tap (14) access of water, but tap (11) regulate the desired pressure in the condenser, controlling its pressure gauge (10). But in any case does not close the tap (11) completely! Then, five minutes later, a valve (14) bring the temperature in the reactor (6) up to 200-250oS. Then slightly reveal tap (9), from which jet fuel should go. If it will move without stopping - priotkroyte tap more, if it will move gasoline into the mixture with the gas - priotkroyte tap (14). General, the impressive performance of the apparatus set up, the better. The essence of water in gasoline (methanol), you can check with a help spirtometra. The density of methanol is equal to 793 kg/m3.
This apparatus is preferably made of stainless steel or iron. All parts are made of pipes, as a thin connecting tubes allowed to use copper tubing. In the refrigerator to keep the ratio of X: Y = 4, namely, for example, if X + Y = 300 mm, then X must exist is 240 mm, but Y, respectively, 60 mm. 240/60 = 4. The more coils fit in the fridge with that as with other parties, the better. All valves used on gas-welding torches. Instead, tap (9) and (11) is allowed to use the pressure-reducing valve on the domestic gas cylinders or capillary tubes from domestic refrigerators. Mixer (1) and reactor (2) are heated in a horizontal arrangement (see drawing).
Well, perhaps, as all. In conclusion I would like to add that the system for a family making avtotopliva was published in an issue of the journal "Parity".
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
Ford recalling a record number of cars
Ford recalling a record number of cars
Ford Motor Co. recall 4.5 million cars to repair, transmits Associated Press. In the first place would be recalled 1.1 million minivans, Windstar, produced from 1992 to 2003.
Ford recalling a record number of cars
During the operation of these vehicles found that due to a defect of some components of its cruise-control system, manufactured by Texas Instruments, they can ignite spontaneously.
Besides, would be recalled 3.4 million vehicles of other brands that have fallen from the conveyor Ford, which installed the same parts. The company has already begun sending out notices to motorists.
Experts advise company owners to repair these vehicles do not park them in a closed garage.
Note that in February last year, Ford also recalled 4.6 million vehicles because of problems with cruise control.
The company is Ford's second-largest car manufacturer in the United States, behind only General Motors. In Europe, Ford has manufacturing, selling and servicing cars in 47 markets, including Russia and Turkey.
Monday, October 12, 2009
How many cars in the world? ... billions
How many cars in the world?
Worldwide, there are more than 3,000,000,000 cars. The number is constantly growing. It is billions of billions of dollars
buy Used car in America | 5 tips how to successfully buy a used car
Buy Used car in America
Selling cars and buying a car - they are two conflicting interests.
The interest of the seller - to sell more cars. The interest of the buyer - buy a car cheaper. The purpose of selecting the car should be to reduce the probability to become a permanent customer service center.
How to find a middle ground, a combination of price and quality. In the absence of professional knowledge buying a car can become a "lottery". For that would not be a loser in this struggle of opposing interests, it is necessary to undertake a thorough diagnosis.
1. You can use the services of corporate service center, which would entail additional costs.
2. Can a self-diagnosis liked the car.
To perform self-diagnosis, we will publish detailed guidance.
Print this guide and use it directly on the spot when ostomtre car.
What should have during the inspection of the car before you buy a car.
1. preferably small flashlight;
2. small mirror;
3. magnet, wrapped in cloth, with his help, you can determine zashpatlevannye place (try to make it to the refrigerator - it should just stay);
4. candle-key;
5. compressometer;
6. screwdrivers (Phillips and flat);
7. small set of open end wrench (8,10,11,12);
8. few rags (to wipe hands, and sometimes you want something put under your knees);
9. if you can bring a helper.
It should not be underwritten to violate the order and try to expedite the process - is currently more expensive.
The verification starts with the documents.
Technical passport.
First look at the date of registration and year of manufacture. Year to verify identification number (VIN); In addition, the cars a year set of fasteners on the seat belts, glasses.
Then compare the number of the body under the hood and in the cabin (for example, under the front passenger seat) and engine number. Service book. If it persists, then it can be used to determine the regularity of service vehicles and the number of owners.
Body.
The car must be clean, otherwise the inspection body loses its meaning. Sit near the right headlights and carefully inspect the right side of the lorry, then spend the palm of his hand across the surface of the starboard side - there are any dents, defects of geometry and color.
Repeat this procedure at the left side, and then similarly inspect the hood and roof. Under such a perspective can be seen virtually all "enclosed" places, but what you see, you feel his hand. Do not forget to hold a similar view and from the trunk. Try to identify differences in shades and textures of paint on different parts (shagreen, the difference of grain for metallics).
All that is suspicious, check the magnet. If he falls off - so here putty. With the help of a magnet also inspect the rear pillars along their entire length. In the case of replacement of the rear wings (sides), there is always a putty.
Carefully inspect the joints - this is a good indicator of the last emergency vehicle. Normal joint has the same width along the entire length. Pay particular attention to the gap between: the front wings and windshield frame, said frame and hood, front bumper and front fenders, hood and headlights, direction indicators and front wings, front wings and doors, sidewalls and doors, front and rear doors and trunk lid and its opening. Note also the protrusion of hinged parts (doors, hood, trunk lid) on the mating surfaces.
Pay attention to the labels and inscriptions - this is usually "masked" defects. For the same purposes, and sometimes use different accessories - plastic thresholds, Lockers, moldings, spoilers, cutter, muzzles, linings, etc.
Check all the doors - they should close with one effort, and sound. Poor locked or unlocked door may be indicative of the displacement after a serious accident in the geometry of the body. Castles Japanese everlasting doors, and hinges to pull themselves, such as at the Golf IV, is not required for the duration of operation.
Be sure to visually inspect the bolts that attaches the wing to the body: are there signs of damage due to untwisting!
If you have any doubts about the correctness of the geometry of the body, then the accurate information will only check on the control points on a special stand.
You can limit and a simple test of the diagonals, which should put up the car and take a piece of twine. But it is necessary to consider the following - if you do not find a violation of the geometry, you get the "unsolvable" problem, which can be expressed, for example, the inability to adjust the angles of the wheels. Therefore, in case of doubt about the geometry of refuse from the purchase.
Lacquer finish.
Carefully inspect the quality from different angles and color. If the color of paint on the doors and wings a little different, we must seek a place of past accidents and to evaluate them in terms of influence on the engine or suspension. If the car for ten years, as well as new paint coating, it means that the car was repainted. Look at the roof. Do you have the feeling that it wavy? It can be said that the car was lying on the roof. If the suspicion is, pay attention to how the doors are closed and secured as interior plastic parts.
Thus, the fact is repainted (tint) of the car can be installed on the following grounds: there are traces of paint on rubber and plastic body parts, paint color under the rubber seals (they should be slightly unscrew) windows, doors, trunk lid is different, different color hood space, and wings. Open the hood. Power unit at unbeaten car should take a horizontal position, its inclination - a sure sign of body repair. Inspect the bolts fastening the front fenders.
They should not have traces of untwisting, and the adjustment slots in the wings - traces propilivaniya. Inspect the inside mounting location of headlamps. It also should not be a trace propilivaniya mounting holes to which resort in most cases, body repair cars. Carefully (using a flashlight) inspect places of attachment bumper and side members.
If they are knocked together the folds of metal and paint - car "pull out". After the accident, which seriously damaged the engine compartment, there is a very big risk that the machine will begin to crumble, as the nuts from the bucket. Do not flatter fresh bright paint and look for defects in color. The older a colorful cover, the better for you!
Inspect the radiator in order to determine traces of soldering. As a rule, soldering on aluminum radiators in any event not live long. Pay attention to the level of technical liquids.
Little secret. At Toyota under the hood - necessarily mat. Hood space dipped non-metallized paint even if the entire body is painted metallic.
At Mazda, and many others under the hood paint is the same as on the back, but considering that she was never polished, it should be matte.
Corrosion - each model has its own "pain" points. But, as a rule, begins this process at Lockers, sills and under the rubber seals. Please note the following areas: the joints of the roof with front and rear pillar, the windshield frame, the lower part of the trunk lid, the front edge of the bonnet, the front portion of the inner and outer rear wheel arches.
Quality control corrosion requires a hoist or ramps. When viewed from the bottom do not hesitate to "poke" him with a screwdriver - sometimes after this simple procedure, the need for further examination unnecessary. Inspect pivot points jack, and in the rear make sure no trace of welding and straightening of the rear spar and the following settings tow bar. Clearly, if there is (or was) hitch, the engine has considerable wear and tear, so sometimes the sellers removed before the tow hitch sales and mask (for example, using anti-corrosion treatment) a place to install it.
In the cabin.
Note the relationship to the salon owner: hardened seats, broken parts, broken-off heads of bolts and screws (especially on the dashboard), which could derail at loosening odometer (mileage), will notify the potential buyer a lot.
Very suspicious, if the steering wheel pad or sheath. This means that the mileage may try to hide such a manner uncomplicated way.
Inspect the steering wheel. Under his hands, he will naturally be more smooth - not a new car after purchase. But the difference "attrition" of the various parts of steering can be indirectly estimated mileage. With mileage of up to 100 thousand kilometers, plastic steering wheel in the field of capture arms (from outside) is practically obliterated, and the interior is practically new.
From 100 to 200 thousand surface of steering, as well as the gearshift lever is polished hands, but the relief pattern is still visible. With 300 thousand and above, while driving in the urban cycle is almost complete wiping steering and even the peeling of the metal base so often to hide the path used by leather straps or braids steering wheel.
Gearshift knob often change, and therefore you should pay attention to the fact that the steering wheel and the handle should be approximately the same degree of wear.
Also note the damage and breaks panels, upholstery, slipcovers, and dirt - this is not a problem because it is easily cleaned with modern detergents.
If the seat upholstery in texture and color does not match the upholstery of doors, perhaps, the seats are no longer home. Native were heavily sit and thrown. Very suspicious, if the seats - covers.
Check the upholstery attachment strength of the roof and doors.
Check all Seat (especially electric). Start with the driver - it experiences the maximum load. The seat should not be "sunken", should provide lateral support and back should not "hang out". Lighting devices and left paddles switch (easier to check with an assistant, so as not to get out repeatedly).
All additional options:
- Stove
- Air conditioning,
- Fan in all modes,
- Windows on all doors (especially electrical)
- Janitors and right shift paddles (Pay particular attention to the work of all washers)
- Heated seats and mirrors, elekticheskaya mirrors, etc.
Take the time to look under the mats salon. Under them should be dry, otherwise something is flowing (seal or oven).
Glass.
Particular care should be approached to inspect the windscreen and rear glass (the originality of their backgrounds checked for the manufacturer's trademark, often labeled nippon, sometimes with an indication of brand - Mazda, Toyota). If the body - hatchback, then there were cases when after a bad body repair after hitting the rear window crumbled after the temperature drop.
Inspect lights and lanterns. Original headlights even ten cars - both new deflectors did not turn yellow. This is achieved by sealing headlamps (almost always lights in cars glued), which did not allow penetration of moisture inside. Condensate inside the lamp lights indicates the crack, ie reflector will soon come to an end. Plastic turn signals at the "Japanese" is much more robust than the European cars - Ford, VW, Audi or Mercedes.
Suspension, brakes, chassis: steering wheel and the wheels should not be a significant backlash. Post front-wheel drive (you can even with the jack on the turn), lock the steering wheel with both hands and try to force moving the wheel in two directions: by taking a left and right side wheels, and then over the top and bottom. If there is a backlash, in the first case - it is the steering, while the second - the suspension elements (ball bearing, etc.).
Inspect the suspension joints and covers the steering, and front-on, in addition, hinge axes. Poszhimayte their fingers and see if they grease, and whether the leak violated. See if there are any leaks in the dampers, there are intact rubber buffers and anthers of shock absorbers. Serviceability check the damper is simple - to strongly press the top of the wing and let go. The car should rise, fall (already much lower) and once again rise. Everything! If swings more - shock absorber does not work. More precise information about the state of shock absorbers will only test for vibration, although some defects, you can identify a little later, when you check the car on the go
Carefully inspect the place of attachment of brake hoses and cylinders are inspected for leaks. Inspect anthers guides calipers and cylinders. The thickness of the linings of brake shoes are not so important - you replace the pads. But if the plates of different thickness, this indicates that podklinivayut guides slide or broken cylinder. In addition, the thickness of the brake discs should be not less than 11 mm. Well marked skirting the edges of the disk is formed after 100000 km. run.
Inspect drives for dents and cracks. Inspect the tires - if they are unevenly worn, it may be an indication of violation of the geometry of the suspension or bodywork.
Condition gearbox.
Note the clarity of gear, including the rear. Sometimes while driving you can hear the roar of a mechanical box, testifying about her wear.
With Automatic all a bit complicated. Checking the oil level in the box is carried out only on a hot engine and box (ie, after a short run - miles 10-20) with a probe. Modern automatic transmission is very reliable, and equipped with protection against damage. Create your own machine can only work with the mode P (Parking). They are afraid of machines only to switch modes, fixed relative to each other click of the lever (P, R, N, D, but D, S, L, which in some designs can even switch during movement). Another requirement - quality gear oil, which must be changed every 40-50 thousand miles (not more!), And always with the filter.
When operating the need to adhere to the rules: before switching modes required to squeeze the brake to shift MUST occurred in the absence of rolling machines. Verify the configuration of idling. To do this, stand in front of a small rise, turn on the motion and release the brake pedal. The machine should at least remain in place, or start off the hill. If you rolled back, the idle speed may be wrong, it is necessary to raise the speed. Check in motion. Several times the acceleration from 0 to 60-80 km / h, in different ways by clicking on the gas pedal. In accordance with the push, automatic transmission itself must otschelkat steadily and without strong tremors. In sharp pressing the pedal, the engine must accelerate to much higher speed. Otherwise, there is reason to doubt the status of the automatic gearbox. Very good, if a car with automatic transmission is equipped with Turnbuckle. This could mean her tight operation with a trailer in heavy modes.
Engine shut off:
The engine must be clean and dry. But it is not freshly washed! Washing with a steam generator is able to give clean. Therefore, the more closely inspect the engine for oil leakage. Inspect the hoses - they should not be cracked. The engine must operate without noticeable vibration. Idle speed after heating the engine must comply 600-800 rpm. On machines since 1992, with automatic transmission and automatic control of idling speed may correspond to 500-600 turnovers, and it is perfectly normal. Thus no effleurage car should not be observed. Assess the oil - the presence of small metal particles shows the wear liners crankshaft, and bubbles with water (tosol) indicate burned head gasket. If the oil fresh and very dense, it's possible that it filled for the "mask" serious malfunctions (low compression and various kinds of wear). Open the cap for the Gulf oil and inspect it, scratch the inner surface of the lid with a screwdriver. The presence of rust indicates that at the time the engine was overheated. Inside the neck should not be a black paste-like plaque. The presence of the raid said violations in the engine lubrication: or to pour oil is not a suitable type, or is it a long time has not changed, or engine overheating. Inspect with a flashlight inside filler and valve train components. In a working engine all that you see inside, should be golden brown. Carefully inspect for leaks cooling system. Check to see if hoses elasticity. Open the expansion tank. The presence of rust in the tank indicates that the engine in its time was overheated, and the presence of oil in antifreeze - the hole in "laying" heads of damage or block cooling "jacket".
Switch on ignition.
Carefully read the dashboard, and then test all the indicators. On modern cars are often on the panel there are indicators of different diagnostic systems, and sellers sometimes either do not know, or deliberately misleading customers about the appointment of any illuminated "lights". But it may be a signal that is defective lambda probe, high-pressure gasoline pump or some other expensive "thing". Include only the ignition without starting the engine.
At the same time on the dashboard lights up many red lights and must shine light emergency oil pressure (usually comes on when reduced oil pressure below 0.3 kg / cm), light the lack of battery charging, the light and hand brake light candles include heating circuit ( for diesel engines).
The latter must be extinguished after 1-6 sec., Depending on the temperature of the engine, and after another 3 seconds. hear a slight click of the relay under the hood - it dropped the voltage glow of candles. Start the engine. All the red lights should be extinguished immediately (except for parking brake indicator, by the way, check it - and then release Hold and see how light reacts to your actions). Wait 10-15 seconds, stop the engine and immediately turn on the ignition (not start). If the engine is in normal condition, the emergency lamp oil pressure should not burn, as in the oil system maintains high oil pressure, and it is slowly declining due to oil leakage through the gaps of crankshaft bearings. The smaller these gaps, ie less engine wear, the later the emergency oil pressure light will light up again. A good time to reduce the engine oil pressure is up to 5 seconds. If the bulb lit up almost immediately, the engine is worn.
Running engine.
Start the engine. While he was not warmed, open the cork expansion tank. If bubbles rise - a hole in cylinder head gasket. Carefully open maslozalivnuyu neck. If much of it the gases, then there are defects or broken piston rings, crankcase ventilation. Inspect the running engine for leaks of oil or antifreeze.
Listen to the engine. There should be "metal" sound. Engine speed should not "float". On a hot engine, an aide to stop abruptly and press the gas pedal, and themselves at this time substitute the hand to the exhaust pipe. The large number of oily stains demonstrated, at least, significant wear of piston rings.
Check the exhaust system. This idling just plug the exhaust pipe with a rag - the engine should die out. Check the opacity of exhaust gases. Idle smoke from the exhaust pipe is almost not visible. Pressing the gas pedal to the smoke becomes visible, but it should be a pale bluish color. Black smoke indicates failure of the fuel system, blue - flow of oil into the combustion chambers of cylinders, and thick white smoke - flow into the combustion chamber antifreeze or water.
In the frosty or wet weather the color of smoke is not enough to correct a malfunction of the engine. If the machine with a catalyst, something about his integrity indicates an odor, some of it for some reason compared to the smell of almonds. On a hot engine, remove all plugs and check compression. Correct value learn from the literature (usually somewhere around 10 MPa - for gasoline engines and is closer to 20 - for diesel engines). Important - the difference between cylinders should not exceed 1 MPa. Otherwise, get ready for refurbishment of the engine. Check engine temperature sensor readings. Rate it rubber-stamped the work of the stove.
In motion.
Let's go. Go check as shifting transmission - should be clearly and easily. If the dropping of gas could be heard whining sound - the wear of gears. Grinding of switching - wear synchronizers. Whining sound - the wear of the differential or gearbox. Knocking load changes - wear crosses propeller shaft. Rate clutch. It must operate efficiently from low obrotov engine. In addition, depressed the clutch should not be heard Clutch release bearing. Try to pass on direct smooth portion, releasing the steering wheel. If the machine leads to the side, thus violating the suspension geometry or body.
If the car is not misleading, and the steering is a little turn, then on one tooth provernulas steering wheel on the rack. This happens after a collision at high speed on the obstacle (curb, etc.). From the suspension should not be noises and chatter. Their presence indicates the wear of rubber bushings stabilizers, suspension joints or sleeves of shock absorbers. Faulty shock absorbers leads to nod when braking, settling back when overclocked. The car holds the road hesitantly, strong heels and leaves the path in turn. Rate vibration steering. So you can "hear" bent wheels or other defects running.
Crystal in turns shows the wear of constant velocity joints. Brake sharply on dry pavement, go and see the traces of inhibition. They should be symmetrical, and during braking the car should not sidetrack. During emergency braking is not an ordinary car is controllable, that is, when you turn the steering direction of its motion does not change. Cars equipped with anti-lock brake systems, ABS, emergency braking should not squeal of rubber and should be managed by rotating the steering wheel. With a smooth brake application on the pedal should not feel aftershocks (for cars without ABS), and in the salon should not hear the noise of brake pads, grinding and strikes. Put the car down the slope and evaluate the effectiveness of "parking brake".
For automatic transmission: turn it into a position "D" and release the parking brake. The car must be in place. Just push on the pedal - it should be touched. Try moving to lift the front and reverse. The motion should start easily, immediately after pressing the gas pedal. If the pick-up on the lift is required to untwist the engine to 1500 rpm or more, the machine is worn out and soon the car on the lift did not go. The car also should not be rolled forward during the descent at position handles automatic "R". Stop on level ground, switch position "D", with one foot push on the brake, and the other sharply drown the gas pedal. If the engine stall immediately, it can be argued that the machine in good condition. If the engine is not immediately stalled, in no case may wait until he does - there and then reset the gas and turn on the "N" or "P", since such tests is severely worn all the already worn in used auto parts automatic mechanism . Try the gas pedal. There should be no "failure".
Engine power easier to evaluate for two indicators - the acceleration time to 100 km / h and maximum speed (if you have, where to overclock). These data must be tentatively found in the directory (for verified models, naturally).
After the purchase, for science, is recommended to replace oil in the engine, transmission, brake fluid, all the belts (and Timing belt - always with rollers, whose share roughly corresponds to the resource-belt). Only in this case about operational problems with the car you can forget.
Sunday, October 11, 2009
Toyota Motor Corporation
Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC, yap.トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Dzidosya Kabusikigaysya, TYO: 7203.T, NYSE: TM, LSE: TYT), or Toyota - the largest Japanese automotive corporation also provides financial services and has several additional lines of business . Headquarters - in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture (Japan).
Toyota Motor Corporation is a key member of the Toyota Group. With this company is mainly associated brand of Toyota. Company logo depicts a stylized weaving a loop and is connected with the fact that its activity company started with production of automatic looms.
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In 1933, the company producing automatic looms Toyoda Automatic Loom Works created a new department specializing in the production of cars, his head was Kihiro Toyoda. In 1929 Kihiro Toyoda traveled to Europe and the United States to study the automotive industry and in 1930 started to develop cars with gasoline engines. Government of Japan encouraged the initiative of a company Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. In 1934 the company produced its first Type A engine that was used in the first model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of passenger cars Model AA began in 1936. Early models resembled already existing models of Dodge Power Wagon and Chevrolet.
Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. founded as an independent company in 1937. Despite the fact that the company founder's name sounds like Toyoda, to simplify the pronunciation, and as a symbol of separation of business from family life, the company decided to give the name "Toyota". In Japan, the name "Toyota» (トヨタ) is considered to be a better name than "Toyoda» (豊田), since 8 is the number that brings good luck, and the word "Toyota", written in Katakana (Japanese alphabet) just consists of 8 features.
During the Second World War, practically engaged only in production of trucks for the Japanese Imperial Army. Because of the severe shortage in the then Japanese military trucks were made in the most simplified versions, for example, with one headlamp. Some believe that the war was quickly ended due to Allied bombing in the city of Aichi, destroying factories Toyota.
After the war, in 1947, started production of commercial passenger car model SA. In 1950 created a separate company sales - Toyota Motor Sales Co. (it lasted until July 1982). In April 1956, was established dealer network Toyopet. In 1957, the Toyota Crown became the first Japanese car exported to America (not only in the U.S., but also in Brazil).
Toyota began to expand rapidly in 1960. The first car brand Toyota, produced outside of Japan, left the assembly line in April 1963 in Melbourne, Australia.
Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech
Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech
In Nosovice was the official opening ceremony of the plant Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech
September 24, 2009 Company Hyundai / Hyundai, the largest automaker in South Korea, held an official opening ceremony of the plant in Nosovice (Czech Republic), in the construction of which was invested 1 billion euros.
Plant Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech (HMMC), owned by Hyundai Motor Co (Seoul), in November last year began mass production of automobiles Hyundai / Hyundai. Today the power company can produce 200 000 units a year, and by 2011 this figure is projected to reach 300 000 units.
The first car assembled in the factory, became the five-door hatchback class C - Hyundai i30 / Hyundai i30, which has already managed to receive many international awards. In February this year the company also started production of the station wagon i30cw. Since 2011 the plant will be produced four models. This will be possible when the production capacity will increase to 300 000 cars a year.
After starting the Czech plant Hyundai / Hyundai became a company that has its own factories in all major automotive markets, including the U.S., China, India and Turkey. The global network of manufacturing facilities will allow the company to deliver high-quality cars throughout the world much faster.
"Global production system will enable us to continue to build cars of the highest quality. Our goal has always been to become one of the world's leading automakers - said vice-chairman of Hyundai / Hyundai Hey Sung Chung at the opening ceremony. - The plant in Nosovice will play a very important role in solving our global problems, so we will be careful to engage in its development so that the enterprise has become a model for the global automotive industry. "
Production hatchback and wagon i30, developed at the European Design and Technical Bureau Hyundai / Hyundai in Rüsselsheim (Germany), from November 2008 reached a figure of 80 000 vehicles per year. Approximately 90% of models emerging from the assembly line in Nosovice, sold in Europe, and the remaining 10% are exported to the Middle East and Africa.
Promise Hyundai / Hyundai give a major impetus to the development and growth of the Czech economy has been fully implemented. Only at the factory was set up 2 000 new jobs at suppliers - still 4 000 jobs, which in total amounted to 6 000 seats. By 2011, Hyundai / Hyundai plans to increase production and auxiliary workers to 3 500 and 7 500 people, respectively, creating a total of 11 000 jobs.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
Aerodynamic kit
Aerodynamic kit
To improve the aerodynamics of the car used aerodynamic body kit.
Advanced motorists (usually street racers) to give your car an aggressive (original) type use an external tuning of the plan. This is a good way to not only stand out in a series of identical cars, but also express themselves through their favorite.
aerodynamically kit
And what exactly is the aerodynamic car? It turns out when the vehicle is moving at a speed of 140-150 km / h and up behind him like the tail stretches "turbulent zone (random eddies of air masses). The flow around a car during a traffic occurs on three sides from the top and sides. And the bottom (in the bottom throughout the car) air flows with vorticity are formed in a collision with protruding parts of the car. There is formation of excess air pressure under the bottom and in the compartment where the motor vehicle is. This pressure raises the machine is reduced clamping force, which naturally reduces the degree of traction, resulting in a sharp drop handling.
kit
Aerodynamic tuning made from various kinds of plastic, because excess weight reduces the car's handling. The technical solutions of this kind include:
Spoilers;
Splashes;
Shaped bottom panel (usually applicable to high-speed sports cars). Due to this innovation inhibition air masses of protruding units and units of the car is completely eliminated.
Shaped front and rear bumpers.
Literate installation in conjunction with the correct application create additional downforce for your car at such a significant speed. If improperly installed, even super good aerodynamic weight can not only reduce the lift force, but by overloading and unloading one another axis, drastically reduces the car's handling at lower speeds.
Front spoiler.
Located under the front bumper (the designers of automobiles and auto designers the look of a tendency toward such combination). Its function is to "raise" the air, that is, direct the air upward. Sometimes the spoiler is constructed so that air does not just rise up and sent to the vents brake discs or radiator. This effect (the car, reducing the pressure sucks air into the vents) in the world racers call "stuck to the road surface." The machine is significantly improved in obedience to the government. But there is a significant minus. If the car even slightly throw up, possible loss of controllability and other unexpected troubles. Racers is a negative point called Ground-effekt (effect of land);
Wing.
Function opposite planes carrying aircraft. But the car does not have to take off for the car is set clamping force. Turning the airborne wing, got a plane to sprays the car to the road that much and a very tangible impact on the drivability, significantly improve it.
There are splashes "working" a little differently. The front edge of the wing is directed downward into the flow of air at a certain angle. Downforce increases considerably, even in comparison with the effect of conventional wing, but the drop is equivalent to this increased risk of an accident due to complete loss of control. This can overload a single axis and over-discharging the other (miscalculated the angle of wing to the ground).
Spoiler rear trunk lid or roof.
Function "to break" the flow of air, which helps avoid the formation of turbulence behind the car, smooth closing the air corridor. Reducing air turbulence behind the car reduces drag.
Rear bumper.
There is a piece completes the overall picture of the struggle with the formation of the lift force acting on the car. The minimum contribution, as a separate element in the increase of the aerodynamic characteristics of the car.
Aero kit
There are plenty of minor elements on the degree of influence on the overall aerodynamic vehicle, such as:
• Deflection;
• half-open hatch;
• Open the window;
• The type of rear-view mirrors;
• Additional lighting equipment on the roof of the car, especially if this SUV.
Their influence is very small, but still present.
By the way, improving the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle using an aerodynamic body kit begins to be felt only after a 120 km / h, even more noticeable at the speed of 140-160 km / h. This suggests that the functionality of such tuning will be only on the highways, but not in the quiet city roads.
Japanese look at the Ferrari F430.
Japanese look at the Ferrari F430.
Japanese tuning company ASI is proud to announce the culmination of his first major project. Prior to that, they released another is not a big project over the car Bentley Continental. Now they have a basis supercar Ferrari F430.
This vehicle combines rigorous technical analysis, thorough testing, and Japanese design. As the company said that the car passes stringent tests on the track and only after that all the details go on sale.
The aerodynamic package consists of a front bumper with two big drivers for air. On the side of the car was side plates and the rear bumper with a new design. The most important thing in the rear bumper, it is that it is fully compatible with both the exhaust system, Ferrari F430, and with the system from ASI. The new aerodynamic package makes the car at 27 kg. easier
This vehicle combines rigorous technical analysis, thorough testing, and Japanese design. As the company said that the car passes stringent tests on the track and only after that all the details go on sale.
The aerodynamic package consists of a front bumper with two big drivers for air. On the side of the car was side plates and the rear bumper with a new design. The most important thing in the rear bumper, it is that it is fully compatible with both the exhaust system, Ferrari F430, and with the system from ASI. The new aerodynamic package makes the car at 27 kg. easier
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
Digital car BMW 850CSI
Digital car BMW 850CSI
Introduction
Digital home built a long time. But it is difficult to define the very notion of "digital home". What is it - the rack in the basement, appliances, administering all or a simple media center based PC such as compact Shuttle XPC? Much easier, and more interesting to integrate the digital brain into something more compact than a house. For example, in the car. A car for the modern man - a house on wheels. The average person spends in a car up to 20% of their time. And ideally, the road to the car - this is the same amount of time that separates you from the digital home and digital office. Company Club Multimedia supported by Intel and Sony decided to remove this analog gap. How, with the help of some components, and most importantly - why, we now try to find out.
The concept of a digital car
Many of you who have a passion for subject, perhaps aware that modern cars executive class passengers can surf the Internet, send faxes and emails, watch a DVD or even play computer games. Can I take these black limousines digital cars? Let us reflect on this theme. How do you think if you can load into memory Mercedes S-Class all your home videos and audio recordings? Can you look at it pirate MPEG4, encoded with some new codec? Can you install the card of the same tuning Maybach new drivers? Try to ask these questions to an authorized service center. Just grab from a digital camera to capture astonishment on the face of service department managers.
Digital car BMW 850CSI
Electronics digital car should not be just the latest in technical terms. In addition, it should be compatible with any application, which you need at home. After all, if you need them at home or in the office, they may need on the road. Digital car should be ready at any moment to update its software, drivers and firmware over the Internet, wherever you are. None of the modern system of automotive electronics will not give you these opportunities. The only way - to integrate into a car full-fledged computer. Because only a personal computer has a tremendous level of flexibility and adjustment. There is no such problem, which failed to modern PCs.
Everyone loves to watch movies on DVD. But who wants to carry a bag with DVD? Even the most expensive DVD changers can not match the capacity of hard drives. It is much easier to download their entire media collection of movies, music, photos, ring tones for mobile and web pages in a car to all my take along.
Digital car has to be sociable. He must speak to you in the language of the same interface that you have at home and at work. Downloads you a new flash game from the internet, it should work without any problems and you have a car. Tell me please, what else would give such opportunities a car as a personal computer?
The car must communicate not only with you, but with the world. Why? To get on the way to work the last quotation of securities, to read in traffic news site HardwarePortal.ru, to communicate on ICQ and IP-telephony call abroad. This car must have the support of GPRS and Wi-Fi. Located within a working Wi-Fi network, you can enter into contracts, without leaving the car...........
( wait .... )
Automobile speedometer - ERROR!
Automobile speedometer
Possible error automobile speedometer readings depends on the characteristics of its design, and a number of other reasons. Instruments with mechanical drive (with rope) - the least accurate, with the electric - a little better, but their testimony has some error. According to requirements of normative documents of the EU, to underestimate mileage in any case should not, and an increase in their permitted a maximum of 10% plus 4 km / h. The higher the speed, the greater the difference between the speedometer and the actual speed. This explains the results of separate "drivers", showing their cars at the maximum speed is higher than those specified in the technical characteristics of their car.
The accuracy of the speedometer and depends on the size installed on vehicle tires and even the pressure in them. For the principle of work of any speedometer is based on the translation of the number of wheel revolutions in the position of the arrow on the scale. If you set the wheels of greater diameter than those used to determine the gear ratio, the speedometer will understate the testimony. For example, instead of tires in size 175/70 R13 set tire 185/70 R13. Its outer diameter of more than 14 mm. Absolutely accurate speedometer will show a 90 km / h, and the real rate would be 92.19 km / h. If instead of the prescribed construction tires 185/70 R13 set the smaller the diameter 175/70 R13, with the same mileage actual speed will be 87.86 km / h, ie, the smaller wheel unit overstated testimony.
Check the speedometer on your car can be as follows: for the city to detect by the time it moves with constant velocity between kilometer posts, to calculate the true speed and compare it with the speedometer. The more traveled with constant velocity distance, the more accurate result. For example, the speedometer shows 90 km / h. You drive through 5 km (5000 m) for 3 min 28 sec (208). Your average speed will be 5000:208 = 24 m / sec. We translate meters per second to kilometers per hour: 24h3, 6 = 86,4 km / h.
Saturday, October 3, 2009
Lexus about ;
Lexus about ;
Lexus - a division of Toyota, producing luxury models for the U.S. market and Europe (of course, left-hand drive). The word Lexus on its sound is similar to the word "luxury. This is not surprising, because the original purpose of establishing the company Lexus, and was the release of a luxury car, expensive, luxurious, beautiful.
In July 1985, the first Lexus LS 400 went down "with stocks. In May 1986 he passed the extensive test-drives in Germany and only in January 1989 was presented at auto shows in Detroit and Los Angeles. Since September 1989 he began selling this car in the U.S..
Cars Lexus continue to garner growing number of supporters in the world. They win in the competition for wealthy and demanding customer, as are more respectable in appearance, fitted with a richer, more reliable and quality manufacture than many rivals from the premium class. High security settings and comfort is achieved using the most advanced technologies.
Back in 1993 on sales volume Lexus has overtaken the United States of its German rivals - BMW and Mercedes-Benz. In 2006 global sales of cars of this brand have reached 475 thousand pieces. In the same year, the three most popular models of prestigious brands in the U.S. market include Lexus RX crossover and sedan Lexus IS (in the U.S. - ES). European sales at the same time increased by 76,3% and reached 39 200 vehicles. In Russia, Lexus and ahead of all competitors from Germany. Four-wheel drive Lexus RX acquired 5 304 people, and he became a best-selling in its segment. It sold 849 hybrid versions of RX 400h. Also successfully sold luxury sedan GS - 1990 pieces, while the Russians have bought 247 hybrid versions. Total in 2006
mercedes wallpapers
mercedes wallpapers
mercedes wallpaper 1 :
mercedes wallpaper 2 :
mercedes wallpaper 1 :
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mercedes wallpaper 3 :
mercedes wallpaper 4 :
Hummer H2 vs Mercedes G500, who is ?
Hummer H2 vs Mercedes G500
Handsome Does Hummer H2? E-uh ... But one thing is certain: this lump of metal on wheels does not leave anyone indifferent. These emotions cause except that the American tractors or monsters like the career BelAZ.
A handsome if Mercedes G500?
Hummer and Mercedes - birds of a feather: brutal, "real" SUVs - with spars frames with angular bodywork ... At least, that the Mercedes G-Class is really a "true", no doubt - if there were, during the quarter century splyli. But what is the Hummer H2?
On the interior of the H2 can write one word - "Industrial". This industrial monumentalism: angles, some circles ... And all of the calls made of cheap plastic, so even with the bolt head on display under the hexagon. Although one hammerovskomu interior can not be denied - it harmonizes with the exterior.
And how much space inside! No overhead, of course (two-meter driver, perhaps, the crown rested in the low overhanging ceiling), and in breadth, the distance. To the passenger door does not get it. To improve In-salon mirror, you need to stand up in the chair, otherwise there'll last. The man's face, nestles on the only chair "third row, lost in the dark interior with tinted windows. And the visibility is not so hot - windows fifth door hidden headrest and built in the trunk of a huge "spare tire. Ahead - baggy hood, with two square "bumps" at the bottom of the front legs completely closed angular dimensions. Hand side "burdock" mirrors - huge.
Sitting on the plane trimmed with rustic leather chair comfortable, but not everyone - it is not designed for tall people. Abundance of actuators does not work: because of the short leg pillows remain suspended, not enough seat adjustment range in length. Lateral support is absent. A inflatable lumbar retaining pins instead of supporting his back, pushed the driver's unfriendly to the helm.
Steering column adjustable for height only, swaying on the short arm, why varies angle bagels. Sam chetyrehspitsevy leather bagel with the soft "rubber" hub bad: his bus sizes here are appropriate and sympathetic design. The spokes - controls onboard computer and tape recorder.
Mercedes G500 inside - a real Mercedes. The complete opposite Hammer! Dear soft plastic, good skin, natural wood - after the 2000 restyling of the interior G-vagena finally bourgeoisified and now resembles S-Class. Geometry of planting different, more "vertical", while they themselves are above the seats on the floor. But they are so well tuned touch, as in the S-class sedans, perfectly distribute the load and securely fix the body (a comfortable driver's seat is equipped with inflatable side bolsters support). However, there are also disadvantages in Mercedes: the seat cushion is long enough, and the range of adjustment in length is too small. Moreover, too large elevation difference between the pedals and a platform for the rest of the left leg. But the steering column is adjustable not only in height, but also on the flight.
Vision in a Mercedes, too, perhaps, better. However, in the inside mirror, as in Hammer, almost nothing can be seen: part window opening is covered with hanging outside a spare tire, adjustable headrests obstruct the rest of the sofa. But the forward and sideways - as with the bridge! After hanging on urban traffic jams, we evaluated a great sense of size, which gives Gelaendewagen driver. Not the last role played by and large outside mirrors. And the role of the eyes in the back performs "Parktronic", which is so lacking Hammer.
Combination of devices G500 - top of informativeness, which can not be said of the overloaded panel Hammer. Here as much seven scales! Leaving for a while unattended way, you can learn about the Hummer such intimate details as the engine oil pressure, voltage in the on-board power, temperature of oil in the transmission ... But mileage, despite the considerable size of the scale, easy read - not enough contrast. Whitish dial like a playful hand painted with child: crooked numbers, the abundance of extra risochek, supporting scale in miles per hour. And the day is light lights, and illuminated figures generally merge with the background.
But the most important ergonomic miracle baby Hummer - the only shift paddles. Then the Americans wiped her nose, even mersedesovtsam: in addition to management "caretakers", "turn signals" and the distant light on this unfortunate lever brought more control and cruise control - meanwhile as the G500 for him is a separate "twig." As a result, to sprinkle water on the glass, you need to separately rotate the foot switch. Currently sorted out, his head was broken!
On the dynamic characteristics of the "second" Hammer to the test, we did not know anything. The official source does not indicate any maximum speed or acceleration time. The only thing we knew - the estimated fuel economy: General Motors reported a value of mileage on one 120-gallon fuel tank - about 500 km. But traction qualities should be hardball: under the hood - shestilitrovaya V-shaped "figure eight» Vortec power of 322 hp True, the Hummer weighs about three tons - far more than the Mercedes G500 with its unladen weight of 2,410 kg! In addition, mersedesovsky five-liter V8 engine develops an impressive 296 hp and works in tandem with a five "automatic" and the automatic gearbox on the Hummer - four-.
So, when the measurements momentum booster Hummer lost G-Wageni, we are not surprised. Of course, ten and a half seconds to hundreds - it is still cool. But the subjective feeling of momentum booster H2 does not pale in comparison with what you experience when mersedesovskom overclocking. If Hummer starts rapidly, but gently, then Mercedes dart frantically, on the verge of stalling. And what a sound! Acceleration is accompanied by a distinct aggressive low-frequency roar with crisp metallic "grain". But while in the cabin G500 still quieter than a Hummer with its rustic gurgle American Group of Eight. Dzhiemovskaya box Hydra-Matic 4L65 transmission shifts smoothly, but long - meanwhile as a five-step "automatic" in the Mercedes is much smart and no less smoothly: no unpleasant jerks.
And we were very surprised when the Hummer in third gear at speeds of about 4000 rpm suddenly ... gently "rested" in the speed limiter configured to 160 km / h! "Unlimited» Mercedes as shown overclocked to a speed of over two hundred - on the display of our measurement system V-box at this time highlighting the number "193". Not bad for a car with the aerodynamics of a brick!
But to keep G-Wageni at such speeds, you need to have strong nerves. With the growth rate of the dynamic corridor expands: Mercedes dancing on irregularities and strives to leave the path, and kept asking rudder. And what about the Hummer? He keeps his 160 km / h quite calmly, completely ignoring the Road "detail"!
Measurements of the brake dynamics were not without surprises. The first surprise Hummer: braking "in the floor" with a speed of 100 km / h it is repeatedly blocked the wheels, and strove to stand sideways! It is curious that at the time of the lock foot clearly felt tremors from the ABS operates, but the anti-lock electronics dealt with at that time in fact, remains a mystery. Recognizing this behavior dangerous, we decided to abandon measuring the stopping distance from a speed of 150 km / h - not even-tempered hour, more will be in a chipper.
At Mercedes, too, have problems. Manage a slowdown in the G500 with the "civilian" ride - a pleasure: this is not so much movement of the pedal as playing low effort in it (only 4.8 kg). But once you press the pedal harder - and ... nothing! Slowdown is not growing! Even with the brake pedal to achieve 120 kg of ABS operation succeeded only when the rate dropped to 20 km / h. A series of intensive decelerations generally left Mercedes «no brakes!
Most likely, this machine simply were "wrong" brake pads. Yes, and "brake" problem of the Hammer - it seems to marry a particular instance. After all, during normal decelerations Hummer with his very informative pedal is very convenient.
General, this three-ton monster surprised us. Driver's truck, «truck driver"! Light "mild" stress-free driving can lead edifice on Betonka average manginess at maximum speed of 160 km / h. And with excellent stability and Hummer does not turn away - he turns to run in solidly, but without resistance and with moderate rolls. Can track the trajectory trehtonnik happy comfortable responses to the modified draft: should just release the gas pedal and it goes into a turn, you open the throttle - Increases the radius. Moreover, if we take a turn at the limit of coupling capacity tires, the gas discharge under the "truck" begins gently slide the rear wheels. Such Makhina - and suddenly skidding gambler, who also easily controlled! The main thing is that in this delicate game is not interrupted goofy "automatic": the proposed transfer out of place on a slippery road - a bad thing.
And still have to get used to the low sensitivity of the steering: a typical American setting, calculated on the straight wide highway, in city maneuvering forces shustro cranking the steering wheel. If you have to go around a sudden obstacle, then the problems will throw and "chokes" Power - at a very rapid rotation of the wheel "gets stuck".
However, to go around - that's not hammerovski. We watched the movie "Bad Boys 2"? Just ahead!
And the "elk test" can be left for the G-vagena. Despite the soldier's chassis with two bridges and a terrifying not cutting rolls, the habits of the old man seem more passenger. Sensitivity to the wheel at G500 incomparably higher than the Humvee, and herself bagel heavier and more informative. There is only one mode, when the driver feels the lack of feedback: the rectilinear motion at a speed of over one hundred and fifty. But sooner or later the road turns into a turn, and the deviation of a donut from the "zero" is the tide of reactive.
In turn Gelaendewagen you done reluctantly, rely heavily, but honestly draw a given arc. In the limit ... Prior to limit G-Wageni not reach - not let nondisconnectable system ESP. It also turns out to be very efficient assistant in the case of an emergency maneuver. "Collar" can be removed by blocking the inter-axle differential. But this option is only suitable for off-road riding ...
Incidentally, the "off-road. Is it time to plunge into the snow and sand pits mess?
Mercedes G-Class has repeatedly been the hero of our tests, but we have been constantly surprised at its off-road talents. Implementing off-road vehicles with three hard locks, many manufacturers are afraid of. First, expensive, and secondly, burdensome for the transmission. But otherwise the G-Wageni would not be Steyr-Daimler-Pooh - all three of the differential can be locked if necessary by simply pressing the appropriate keys on the front panel. However, it can be done only at the "bottom" number of transmissions (Low mode enables the selector next to the "automatic") and preferably with the simultaneous activation of their own brains. Prolonged slippery feet? Here, Mercedes will cost only blocking the "center" with good weight distribution on the axes. Risk diagonal hanging? In addition, blocking the rear axle differential. Since G-Wageni steadily climbs on any ledges - it would be to catch hold of tires. The front cross-axle locking - the last argument, whose use is justified only in the most difficult situations. The explanation is simple. First, this is an extremely negative effect on handling: even at a speed of 10 km / h the car often goes not to where the wheels are turned, especially on slippery ground. Secondly, it creates a hard link in the transmission of so-called circulation of power, which is not the best way affect the durability of the construction. Finally, the naive use of locks on the loose soil often leads to the fact that the car sits on its belly and can not go back even on its own ruts - that we too have seen. Generally, if you have decent off-road tires (harmless asphalt tires Pirelli Scorpio to those not included) off-road Mercedes Gelaendewagen going up as long as sufficient "geometry". It is therefore strange place for such a machine should "feel out" very cautiously: "being closed" belly or beam, buksanul - immediately turned desired blokirovochku and neatly passed back. And the machine is played in and not have to wield a shovel.
Before we let in the wake of G-vagena Hummer, we have long pondered. After a constructive point of view of the H2 looks pale: nothing in common with the first "real" Hammer made of multi-terrain vehicle army Humvee, he does not. Look under the belly and wonder: sticking suspension arms, tough rear beam, funny "splayed" footboard. There are, however, a button control pnevmoelementami rear suspension, but it serves merely to compensate for the load.
And what about the Transmission reserves? By the way, "first" Hammer no forced lock differentials. But this machine, however, can be up breathtaking stunts in the style of off-road - thanks to a fully independent suspension for all wheels, low center of gravity, the "correct" weight distribution and the special principle of control, brake-Americans named akseleratornoy modulation. Left leg - the brake, right - on the gas. Brake stifle skidding wheel torque on the "reference" wheel because of this increase - and it goes on. It is on this principle are now working simulate electronic locks on many of today polnoprivodnikah.
In the "second" Hammer is not imitation, but real blocking - inter-axle and rear cross-axle differentials. And despite the "civil" the origin (Hummer H2 is built on the units of cars Chevrolet Tahoe and Suburban), he made good on the roads!
On this machine even want to ride passengers, arranging off-road excursions. Low sensitivity of the steering here is very handy, and energy absorbing suspension allows the course to storm such irregularities, which in the G-Wageni must wade stealthily. Three-ton American Makhina in most cases simply does not feel the point of contacts with obstacles!
Wild-automatic transmission has proved to roads in two ways. On the one hand, on the snow and soil slabonesuschih thoughtful torque converter makes it possible to smoothly move, eliminating wheel spin. This is a great blessing. On the other - the driver is deprived of feedback and not feel when forward movement is risky: the growing resistance to rolling wheel is simply "drowning" in the overall transmission losses. This, incidentally, lies deceit Hammer - regular samoevakuatsii means it does not have, and find the closest truck weight category will be difficult.
With the general parity-road Mercedes G500 and Hummer H2 - Cars still different. The good old G-Wageni off-road can be very much, but - in the hands of an experienced driver. A successful "off-road" on the Hammer provides a much simpler. The Hard Way! And with a significantly greater comfort.
Incidentally, this "American" also surpassed our expectations - smooth progress is very good! The tremors from the hard asperities hardly take place in the salon, on asphalt waves Hummer just sad sighs. Long-travel suspension makes this a fairly deep sighs, but before the seasick are not an issue. But with sound insulation in Hammer had gone wrong - and the aerodynamic noise visible and intrusive sound of the engine, and loud exhaust ...
Mercedes quiet: besides wind noise at high speed, the whole "Acoustics" balanced, healthy. And in regard to the ride, Mercedes G500 resembles a European passenger car with "sport" settings of the chassis. Suspension and steering makes the G-Wageni pleasantly collected and does not allow buildup. But because of this SUV was dancing on the irregularities in detail by repeating the cross-section and swaying from side to side. But worse is that Mercedes is very sensitive to the asphalt "detail": it now and then shuddered at the humps, and potholes significant revoked deaf heavy blows.
If it were not stiff suspension, the G-Wageni could be a very comfortable car for the rear passengers: sitting on a triple leather sofa is very comfortable. Cool picked back angle and profile of seats, to the same hand - a wide "dreamy" sill. Here are just warm to the feet comes bad - floor baffle ventilation system in the back we have found.
In Hammer easier to sit back (doors open at a wider angle), but the geometry of the landing is not perfect - a low-backed sofas and a short pillow. But there are individual remote controls, music and sockets for a pair of headphones. And if for Mercedes folding rear seat - pure cargo handling, at the Hammer, throwing a third of the back, you can get the additional sixth place! Тут вполне сносно: есть даже интегрированный в спинку ремень безопасности. Одна беда: сидишь на уровне пола.
Friday, October 2, 2009
Popular sports cars - "TOP 20!"
Popular sports cars - TOP20
Popular sports cars
Top-20 sports car
The criterion for entering the top 20 was not only the time spent by machines to overcome the circle, but also the maneuverability of models, their confidence on the road and driving pleasure. Tested all applicants on the track Anglesey Circuit in North Wales driver Owen Mildenhall.
Honorary first place in the competition took "Japanese" Nissan GT-R. Recall that this sports car at the Nurburgring ahead of such venerable "riders" as the Porsche 911 Turbo and Porsche GT2, what prompted the Germans began to doubt the veracity of the speed record. At that, however, Nissan has given its strongest response is meant to persuade competitors to the accuracy of the provided information.
Took the second place Porsche Cayman S. German automaker plans to create a fully electric Cayman, for which a partner has chosen well-known tuning firm Ruf, recalls NEWSru. Electric motor to 251 hp, which will trigger the lithium-ion batteries, the car will accelerate to 200 km / h and negotiate a "hundred" for 4 seconds.
"Bronze" was awarded the Mini Cooper S, "sharpened" atelier John Cooper Works (JCW). Tuners installed under its hood "charged" turbo V4, which allowed the car to overtake on the track Lamborghini sports cars and Mercedes.
20 best sports cars under the version of Auto Express:
1. Nissan GT-R
2. Porsche Cayman
3. MINI JCW
4. BMW M3 Coupe
5. Lamborghini LP560-4
6. Renaultsport Clio Cup
7. Mercedes SL63 AMG
8. Mazda RX-8 R3
9. Audi TT S
10. Porsche 911 GT2
11. Lotus Elise SC
12. Caterham Superlight R500
13. KTM X-Bow
14. Aston Martin V8 Vantage Roadster
15. Volkswagen Scirocco GT
16. Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X GSR FQ-360
17. Chevrolet Corvette Z06
18. Jaguar XF SV8
19. Subaru Impreza WRX STi
20. Fiat Grande Punto Abarth
Recall that in last year's winner of the Performance Car of The Year was the Porsche Cayman S.
The criterion for entering the top 20 was not only the time spent by machines to overcome the circle, but also the maneuverability of models, their confidence on the road and driving pleasure. Tested all applicants on the track Anglesey Circuit in North Wales driver Owen Mildenhall.
Honorary first place in the competition took "Japanese" Nissan GT-R. Recall that this sports car at the Nurburgring ahead of such venerable "riders" as the Porsche 911 Turbo and Porsche GT2, what prompted the Germans began to doubt the veracity of the speed record. At that, however, Nissan has given its strongest response is meant to persuade competitors to the accuracy of the provided information.
Took the second place Porsche Cayman S. German automaker plans to create a fully electric Cayman, for which a partner has chosen well-known tuning firm Ruf, recalls NEWSru. Electric motor to 251 hp, which will trigger the lithium-ion batteries, the car will accelerate to 200 km / h and negotiate a "hundred" for 4 seconds.
"Bronze" was awarded the Mini Cooper S, "sharpened" atelier John Cooper Works (JCW). Tuners installed under its hood "charged" turbo V4, which allowed the car to overtake on the track Lamborghini sports cars and Mercedes.
20 best sports cars under the version of Auto Express:
1. Nissan GT-R
2. Porsche Cayman
3. MINI JCW
4. BMW M3 Coupe
5. Lamborghini LP560-4
6. Renaultsport Clio Cup
7. Mercedes SL63 AMG
8. Mazda RX-8 R3
9. Audi TT S
10. Porsche 911 GT2
11. Lotus Elise SC
12. Caterham Superlight R500
13. KTM X-Bow
14. Aston Martin V8 Vantage Roadster
15. Volkswagen Scirocco GT
16. Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X GSR FQ-360
17. Chevrolet Corvette Z06
18. Jaguar XF SV8
19. Subaru Impreza WRX STi
20. Fiat Grande Punto Abarth
Recall that in last year's winner of the Performance Car of The Year was the Porsche Cayman S.
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